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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language,  [https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/Solutions_To_Issues_With_Pragmatic_Authenticity_Verification 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] 카지노 - [https://www.google.co.ls/url?q=https://articlescad.com/pragmatic-genuine-10-things-id-like-to-have-learned-sooner-56484.html www.Google.Co.ls] - context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and so on. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, [https://images.google.cf/url?q=https://blogfreely.net/starmonday6/how-to-save-money-on-pragmatic-official-website 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] 카지노 ([http://hzpc6.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=2622849 related website]) such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between pragmatics and  [http://www.maoflag.cc/home.php?mod=space&uid=124760 프라그마틱 불법] semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain events fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics,  [https://www.google.com.sb/url?q=https://davidsen-gregory.blogbright.net/15-top-pinterest-boards-of-all-time-about-pragmatic-free-slot-buff 프라그마틱 불법] while other argue that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side, attempting to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It deals with questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism,  [https://pragmatickr-com98642.gynoblog.com/29390039/three-greatest-moments-in-free-pragmatic-history 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field should be considered a discipline of its own because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and  [https://bookmarkswing.com/story19466620/the-best-pragmatic-free-trial-that-gurus-use-3-things 프라그마틱 정품확인] 슬롯 [https://pragmatickr65319.pages10.com/where-will-live-casino-be-one-year-from-in-the-near-future-65443848 프라그마틱 환수율] ([https://dmozbookmark.com/story18116088/the-reasons-pragmatic-return-rate-is-fast-becoming-the-trendiest-thing-in-2024 dmozbookmark.com wrote in a blog post]) interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He asserts semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and  [https://bookmarkssocial.com/story18033437/what-s-the-reason-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-is-everywhere-this-year 프라그마틱 무료스핀] experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a tussle scholars argue that certain events fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This approach is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 20:39, 20 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It deals with questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism, 프라그마틱 슬롯무료 which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and so on. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages function.

There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field should be considered a discipline of its own because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and 프라그마틱 정품확인 슬롯 프라그마틱 환수율 (dmozbookmark.com wrote in a blog post) interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He asserts semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and 프라그마틱 무료스핀 experimental pragmatics.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the same thing.

The debate between these two positions is usually a tussle scholars argue that certain events fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This approach is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.