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The Academy's Evolution Site

The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it affects all areas of scientific research.

This site provides students, teachers and 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 general readers with a variety of educational resources on evolution. It includes the most important video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and cultures as an emblem of unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.

Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of small fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be represented in a tree of life2. The trees are mostly composed by eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.

In avoiding the necessity of direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise way. In particular, molecular methods allow us to construct trees by using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity remains to be discovered. This is especially the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes that are known has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including many archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and which are not well understood.

This expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a specific area and determine if particular habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and enhancing crops. This information is also extremely useful in conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine the areas most likely to contain cryptic species with important metabolic functions that may be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While conservation funds are important, the most effective method to protect the biodiversity of the world is to equip the people of developing nations with the necessary knowledge to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) depicts the relationships between different organisms. Using molecular data similarities and differences in morphology or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Determines the relationship between organisms that have similar traits and 에볼루션 evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear similar, but do not share the same ancestors. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. All members of a clade share a characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor that had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to one another.

For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise than morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to calculate the evolutionary age of organisms and determine how many species share the same ancestor.

The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors that include the phenotypic plasticity. This is a kind of behavior that changes due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a particular trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be reduced by the use of techniques like cladistics, which incorporate a combination of similar and homologous traits into the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics can help predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about which species to protect from extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been developed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop slowly in accordance with its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits cause changes that could be passed on to the offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, 무료에볼루션 ideas from a variety of fields--including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to create the modern evolutionary theory synthesis which explains how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population, and how these variants change over time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift, 에볼루션바카라사이트 mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is a key element of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically described.

Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have shown the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species via genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time) can lead to evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time and changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education can increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolution. In a recent study by Grunspan and co. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their understanding of evolution in the course of a college biology. For more information about how to teach evolution read The Evolutionary Power of Biology in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that occurred in the past. It's an ongoing process taking place in the present. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior in the wake of the changing environment. The changes that result are often evident.

It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also at work. The reason is that different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be transferred from one generation to the next.

In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it could become more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a particular population could rise. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

Observing evolutionary change in action is easier when a species has a rapid generation turnover like bacteria. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples from each population are taken on a regular basis, and over 500.000 generations have passed.

Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the effectiveness of a population's reproduction. It also shows evolution takes time, which is hard for some to accept.

Another example of microevolution is that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations in which insecticides are utilized. Pesticides create a selective pressure which favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater recognition of its importance especially in a planet which is largely shaped by human activities. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution will help us make better choices about the future of our planet, as well as the life of its inhabitants.