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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, [https://images.google.ms/url?q=https://www.metooo.it/u/66eb91409854826d16755a0c 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] 정품 ([https://www.laba688.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=5200338 Laba688.Cn]) the notion that you must abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors according to the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be considered a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and more. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it examines how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data about what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the ways the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris,  [https://www.google.com.om/url?q=https://kingranks.com/author/pillowsword4-1090919/ 프라그마틱 슬롯] believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He asserts semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and  [http://lsrczx.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=424934 프라그마틱 이미지] 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, [https://gm6699.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=3500483 프라그마틱 무료게임] and lots of research is conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research that addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic explanation of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they're the same.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top producers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics according to their number of publications alone. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which an utterance can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas other claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Others,  [http://counter.iflyer.tv/?trackid=gjt:1:&link=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as philosophy or  [https://www.txsmineralmining.com/zb_users/plugin/iddahe_com_seoog/go.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 게임] cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs,  [http://www.jetpaq.com.ar/es-ar/asppage/open?link=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] [https://nycpodcastnetwork.com/nycpnut/?ty=dl&ppi=21255&url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯][https://sonavida.com/click?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F&dID=1711558066536&hashId=b764eb41a7be21d6a87b636b6287623b3e09d96edd6eea206e98c0082e0aa133781306&linkName=https://tinyurl.com/ResultatsDeMontpellier 프라그마틱 게임] ([https://qlt-online.de/cgi-bin/click/clicknlog.pl?link=https://pragmatickr.com/ qlt-online.de]) and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate both approaches trying to understand the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 19:32, 19 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are a myriad of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top producers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics according to their number of publications alone. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which an utterance can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas other claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.

There are a few major issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of an expression.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Others, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as philosophy or 프라그마틱 게임 cognitive science.

There are also divergent views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, 프라그마틱 정품 확인법 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯프라그마틱 게임 (qlt-online.de) and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.

In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate both approaches trying to understand the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.